Reduction In High-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Impact of sub-acute exposure to nuvan on serum lipoproteins of catfish, Clarias batrachus and their potential effects indirectly on human health

Pesticides are frequently applied in agricultural land, public health programs, and maintenance of trees or plants and also used as preservatives for different food materials for a long time. But these pesticides cause a lot of negative health and environmental impacts which affects the sustainability of an ecosystem. Among the different pesticides organophosphorus pesticide mostly used in agricultural purposes to prevent the disease causing agents like insects, pests, parasite due to its less persistence in our environment. Synthetic pesticide like Nuvan accumulations in the tissues of animals produce cyto-toxicity and have severed health issues due to its persistent nature. When these pesticides intake by aquatic animals specially fishes, they can interfere with the food chain. When such contaminated fishes eaten by someone they can destroy multiple systems in the body of human and other livings. Changes in blood biochemical indices gives signs what is happening in body of animals after exposure of pesticides. Most edible and commercially valuable freshwater fish Clarias batrachus was used in this work for analyzed the hazardous nature of toxic pesticide nuvan on some biochemical parameters. When fish exposed to two sub-lethal levels of nuvan (0.0137 ml/L and 0.0274 ml/L) for 60 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in blood parameters. The results showed very highly significant (p<0.001) increase in Low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and highly significant (p<0.01) increase in Very low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL) while very highly significant (p<0.001) reduction in high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL) were noted in treated groups compared with the control. This study implicates that adverse effect on lipoproteins due to synthetic pesticides have a negative health effect as cardiovascular risk status. Research of environmental pollution and its adverse effects on human and other animals including fish is remarkable which can leads the sustainability of our environment.

Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Mangifera haden Seeds on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats

The present study investigated the effects of ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seeds on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in wistar albino rats. The phytochemical compositions and acute toxicity studies of crude extract and Mangifera haden seed fraction were determined using standard methods. Albino rats (60) randomly grouped into twelve of five rats each were used for this study. Determination of total bilirubin and protein, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes marker, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, lipid profile analysis and histological examination were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents of crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seed showed that they contain relative amount of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and coumarins. Liver injury was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg body weight of the animals. All the CCl4 intoxicated rats displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The administration of ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seeds significantly (P = 0.05) lowered the levels of serum TC, TAG, LDL, and increased HDL levels. The level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly (P = 0.05) increased in the CCl4 group as compared to the normal and treated groups. The elevated level of serum MDA decreased (P = 0.05) significantly at the treatment of rats with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction. The rats treated with CCl4 produced significant (P = 0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP when compared to the normal group. Animals treated with varying doses of ethyl acetate fraction produced significant (P = 0.05) reduction of serum ALT, AST and ALP activities when compared to the CCl4-untreated group. The activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) and glutathione concentration significantly (P = 0.05) decreased in CCl4­-untreated group compared to the normal group. The decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione concentration in CCl4 intoxicated rats were ameliorated/modulated more effectively in rats treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seed. Total bilirubin (TB) concentrations significantly (P = 0.05) increased in CCl4-untreated group when compared to the normal group. Oral treatment of rats with varying doses (200, 400, 600 mg/kg) of ethyl acetate fraction caused a significant (P = 0.05) decrease in the serum TB levels. Administration of CCl4 showed a reduction in serum total proteins. Treatment of the animals with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of ethyl acetate fraction caused significant (P = 0.05) increase in serum total potein. Histological examination showed hepatoprotective properties of plant’s fractions. The compounds found in the different fractions (ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Mangifera haden seeds are 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, (Z) –Oleic acid and so on. Therefore the medicinal importance of the plant is been established.

Effect of Speed Agility Quickness and Circuit Training on Lipid Profile of Soccer Players: An Observational Study

Study purpose. This observational study aims to investigate the impact of a Speed Agility Quickness (SAQ) and Circuit training program on the lipid profile of soccer players. The study focuses on analyzing changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations after the intervention. Materials and methods. The study involved a total of 30 elite soccer players with the mean (Sd) of age 16.93 (1.20) years; stature 5.66 (0.16) feet; weight 59.93 (5.47) kg. All the players selected for the study were registered players of Poloi Academy, Imphal, Manipur. The participants were divided into two groups, i.e., the SAQ and Circuit groups, and underwent a 12 weeks SAQ and Circuit training program respectively, which was conducted 3 days per weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to measure HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels. The participants’ lipid profiles were assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Results. The results of this study demonstrated significant changes in the lipid profiles of the elite soccer players following the SAQ and Circuit training program. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels. Simultaneously, there was a substantial decrease in LDL and VLDL cholesterol concentrations. Conclusions. The increase in HDL cholesterol and reduction in LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels indicate a potential decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and related health issues. Considering the importance of lipid metabolism in athletic performance and overall well-being, this study provides valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports professionals in designing targeted training regimens to optimize cardiovascular health among soccer players. However, further research with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-ups is warranted to validate and generalize these findings across diverse populations and sports disciplines.

Consuming Mushrooms When Adopting a Healthy Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Does Not Influence Short-Term Changes of Most Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults

BackgroundMushrooms are a nutritious food, though knowledge of the effects of mushroom consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors is limited and inconsistent. ObjectiveWe assessed the effects of consuming mushrooms as part of a healthy United States Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MED) on traditional and emerging cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors. We hypothesized that adopting a MED diet with mushrooms would lead to greater improvements in multiple CMD risk factors. MethodsUsing a randomized, parallel study design, 60 adults (36 females, 24 males; aged 46 ± 12 y; body mass index 28.3 ± 2.84 kg/m2, mean ± standard deviation) without diagnosed CMD morbidities consumed a MED diet (all foods provided) without (control with breadcrumbs) or with 84 g/d of Agaricus bisporus (White Button, 4 d/wk) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster, 3 d/wk) mushrooms for 8 wk. Fasting baseline and postintervention outcome measurements were traditional CMD risk factors, including blood pressure and fasting serum lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin. Exploratory CMD-related outcomes included lipoprotein particle sizes and indexes of inflammation. ResultsAdopting the MED-mushroom diet compared with the MED-control diet without mushrooms improved fasting serum glucose (change from baseline −2.9 ± 1.18 compared with 0.6 ± 1.10 mg/dL; time × group P = 0.034). Adopting the MED diet, independent of mushroom consumption, reduced serum total cholesterol (−10.2 ± 3.77 mg/dL; time P = 0.0001). Concomitantly, there was a reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, buoyant HDL2b, and apolipoprotein A1, and an increase in lipoprotein(a) concentrations (main effect of time P < 0.05 for all). There were no changes in other measured CMD risk factors. ConclusionsConsuming a Mediterranean-style healthy dietary pattern with 1 serving/d of whole Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms improved fasting serum glucose but did not influence other established or emerging CMD risk factors among middle-aged and older adults classified as overweight or obese but with clinically normal cardiometabolic health. Trial registration numberhttps://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04259229?term=NCT04259229&rank=1

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF CORN SILK ETHANOL EXTRACT (Stigma maydis) ON HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED WHITE RATS

Hyperlipidemia is a state when there is an elevation in total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and a reduction in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The aim of this research is to investigate the antihyperlipidaemic effects of corn silk and determine the effective dosage of corn silk for reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increasing HDL levels in male rats induced by a high-fat diet and PTU. This experiment utilized 24 male Wistar rats divided into six groups, each consisting of individuals aged 2-3 months and weighing between 200 and 250 grams. The groups were labelled as follows: negative control (Na CMC0.5%), positive control, comparison (simvastatin), and treatment I, II, III (with extract doses of 50 mg/KgBW, 100 mg/KgBW, and 150 mg/KgBW). The rats were administered a high-fat diet and propylthiouracil for a period of seven days to induce an increase in cholesterol levels. For the subsequent seven days, the extract was administered. The study results demonstrate that corn silk extract can significantly decrease cholesterol by 46%, 49% and 51%, and LDL by 57%, 61% and 67%, and that corn hair extract can decrease triglycerides by 60%, 65% and 67%, and increase HDL by 21%, 24% and 28%. Thus, it can be concluded that corn silk extract possesses antihyperlipidemic activity with significant value (p&lt;0.005), and the most effective dose for lipid reduction is 150 mg/Kg BB.

The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study)

BackgroundChanges that occur during pregnancy and after that during breastfeeding induce some symptoms similar to metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. This study aims to determine the relationship between pregnancy, as well as the duration of breastfeeding and MetS controlling the effect of other risk factors like hypertension, glucose intolerance, triglyceride, central obesity, and reduction of high-density lipoprotein in women of Fasa Persian Cohort Study.Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 5015 women aged 35–70 years were investigated in the Sheshdeh region from 2016 to 2021, and the information related to the disease symptoms was collected through questionnaires, examinations, and laboratory tests. MetS was calculated based on two guidelines according to adult treatment panel III (ATP III) and international diabetes federation (IDF) methods. For reporting the data, the odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval was used. In order to eliminate the effect of confounders, logistic regression was used.ResultsPrevalence of MetS showed a descending trend in women with up to two pregnancies and it reached 22.6% and 22.4% using ATPIII and IDF methods respectively, while with an increase in the number of pregnancies of more than two, MetS prevalence was ascending. The prevalence of MetS did not have any specific trend across various breastfeeding duration groups. Multivariate analysis approved that the odds ratio of developing MetS in comparison with women who had two pregnancies was significantly increasing trend when the pregnancy counts increased.ConclusionThe chance of developing MetS based on both IDF and ATP III methods after adjustment for confounding effects would grow with an increase in the number of pregnancies to more than two and breast-feeding of more than seven years. It is recommended that women with more than two pregnancies or the long duration of breast-feeding women undergo a specialized examination to investigate and control MetS problems so that future diseases could be prevented.

Effects of acute exposure to chlorfenapyr on hepatic enzyme activities and serum lipid profile of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

The effects of acute exposure to chlorfenapyr on hepatic enzymes and lipid profile of Clarias gariepinus juveniles were investigated following standard protocols. Test organisms were exposed to chlorfenapyr concentrations of 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 mgL-1 for 96 hr exposure period. After exposure, peripheral blood was collected through the caudal vein into plain sterilised tubes and allowed stand for 1 h for clot to form. The clotted blood was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min and the serum obtained was used for all the biochemical assay. Cross-sections of the gills were examined for histological aberrations. Results showed significant increase in enzymatic activities of Aspartate amino transferases (AST), Alanine amino transferases (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p&lt; 0.05) when compared with control. Lipid profile results showed significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in Total cholesterol (TC) and Low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) in all treated groups when compared with the control. Significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and triacylglycerides in all treated groups compared to the control was also recorded. Such alterations in biochemical parameters did not show any relationship with gills histology as the cross-section of the gills provided no evidence of aberrations. The results suggest that exposure to acute concentrations of chlorfenapyr can alter liver enzyme activities and serum lipid profile initiating a jump in the energy requirement of the exposed organism.

Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin

Association between improved metabolic risk factors and perceived fatigue during dietary intervention trial in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A secondary analysis of the WAVES trial.

Preliminary dietary intervention trials with the low-saturated fat (Swank) and modified Paleolithic elimination (Wahls) diets have shown favorable effects on fatigue among people with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, their impact on metabolic health is unknown. To evaluate the impact of the Swank and Wahls diets on markers of metabolic health and to determine the association and mediation effect between changes in metabolic health and perceived fatigue among people with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). As part of a randomized parallel-arm trial, vital signs, blood metabolic biomarkers, and the fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC) were collected from participants with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 77) at four study visits spaced 12 weeks apart: (1) run-in, (2) baseline, (3) 12-weeks, and (4) 24-weeks. Participants followed their usual diet at run-in, then were randomized at baseline to either the Swank or Wahls diets and followed for 24 weeks. Both groups had significant reductions in weight, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) at 12- and 24-weeks compared to respective baseline values (p ≤ 0.04 for all). The Swank group also had a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 12- and 24-weeks (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.02, respectively), while the Wahls group had significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In addition, both groups had significant reductions in FSMC total perceived fatigue and the motor and cognitive fatigue subscales at 12- and 24-weeks (p ≤ 0.01 for all); however, change in the cognitive subscale was not significant at 12-weeks in the Swank group (p = 0.06). Furthermore, the favorable effects, of both diets, on markers of metabolic health were not associated with and did not mediate the effect of the diets on perceived fatigue (p > 0.05 for all). Both diets lead to significant reductions in perceived fatigue, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, and LDL, but the significant reductions in perceived fatigue were independent of changes in markers of metabolic health.

Preclinical study of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in rats.

To explore the impact of vitamin D deficiency (VD-) in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Models of (VD-) and (MetS) were induced in male Wister rats by dividing into four groups, group-I for the development of (VD-) by intraperitoneal injection of paricalcitol for 3 weeks, group II for (MetS) model by adding 10% fructose to their drinking water for 8 weeks, the group III for induction of combined (VD- + MetS) and group-IV as a control. Ultimately, the parameters of (VD-) and (MetS) were assessed at zero time and after 8 weeks. Both (VD-) and (MetS) groups alone displayed a remarkable enhancement of blood pressure, glucose and insulin levels, triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins with a reduction of high-density lipoproteins. Additionally, all distinguishing features of obesity were substantially increased. Nevertheless, the combined group (VD-+MetS) demonstrated an expeditious and substantial increase in all the aforesaid parameters compared to the (VD-) and (MetS) groups alone. The hallmark of this study, reinforces a new frontier of awareness of the deleterious effect of (VD-) on each component of (MetS). Eventually, supplementation of vitamin D can circumvent the elements of (MetS) and needs further validation by determination of (VD-) molecular pathway on the parameters of (MetS).

Swertia mussotii prevents high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by inhibiting expression the TLR4/MyD88 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB

Context Swertia mussotii Franch. (Gentianaceae) is a source of the traditional Tibetan medicine, ZangYinChen, and is used to treat chronic hepatitis and many types of jaundice. Objective This study explored the therapeutic effects and mechanism of S. mussotii on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia. Materials and methods After a week of adaptive feeding, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) Control-S, (3) Model, and (4) Model-S. During the 12 experimental weeks, we established the Model using a high-fat diet. Control-S and Model-S were given 1.0 g/kg S. mussotii water extract via gavage starting in the fifth week until the end of experiment. Results When compared with Model rats, the S. mussotii water extract led to a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (43.9%) and albumin (13.9%) and a decrease in total cholesterol (54.0%), triglyceride (45.6%), low-density lipoproteins (8.6%), aspartate aminotransferase (11.0%), alanine aminotransferase (15.5%), alkaline phosphatase (19.1%), total protein (6.4%), and glucose (20.8%) in serum. A reduction in three cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) was detected. Histopathological examination showed that liver steatosis was significantly relieved in S. mussotii-treated high-fat diet rats. S. mussotii also caused a downregulation in the expression of TLR4 (43.2%), MyD88 (33.3%), and a decrease in phosphorylation of NF-κB. Discussion and conclusions Our findings indicate that S. mussotii may act as a potential anti-inflammation drug via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to validate its potential in clinical medicine.

Serum Lipid Variation in Patients with Dengue Virus Infection and Associated Risks of Cardio Vascular Disorder

Background: Dengue virus (DENV) is a most prevalent arbovirus with about 100 million infections worldwide every year. It is endemic in the subtropical and tropical areas in the world, an emerging public health threat. Serum lipidome is a key player in the immune system response of the patient for the period of dengue fever. This study was aimed to assess the lipids deviations in serum of patients with dengue fever. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: Three For this case-control study blood samples of N=65 dengue patients of age ≥18 year were collected from the Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Whereas samples of 45 healthy individuals were collected from the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Blood samples from subjects were collected to analyze serum lipidome. &#x0D; Results: Significantly (P &lt; 0.001) increased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein while a significant (P &lt; 0.001) reduction in high density lipoprotein was observed in the dengue patient’s serum in contrast to the control.&#x0D; Conclusion: We can conclude that DENV infection can contribute to dyslipidemia with subsequent cardiovascular disorder symptoms. Therefore, patients infected with DENV should monitor their serum lipid profiles to deal with DENV induced effects to the cardiovascular physiology.

Effect of dyslipidemia on clinical outcome of infertility patients receiving donor eggs

Objective: To explore the effect of dyslipidemia on the clinical outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) in infertility patients receiving donor eggs. Methods: A total of 118 patients were selected to receive egg donors and ICSI-ET at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between April 2007 and December 2020. According to the levels of triacylglycerol, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein, they were divided into dyslipidemia group (35 cases) and normal blood lipids group (83 cases). The influence of body mass index (BMI) and age was adjusted by 1∶1 propensity score matching, and the general condition and clinical outcome of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively. Finally, the relationship between lipid composition and clinical outcome was analyzed according to patients' age and BMI. Results: (1) Comparing the pre-matching dyslipidemia group with the normal blood lipids group, the BMI of the dyslipidemia group was significantly higher than that of the normal blood lipids group [(23.5±2.4) vs (22.4±2.7) kg/m2], and the embryo implantation rate was significantly lower than that of the normal blood lipids group [13.6% (8/59) vs 27.3% (36/132)], the differences were statistically significant (both P<0.05). (2) There were no significant differences in years of infertility, number of pregnancies, number of abortions, number of transplanted embryos, protocol of endometrial preparation, endometrial thickness on transplantation day and high quality embryo rate between the two groups, through propensity score matching (all P>0.05). The biochemical pregnancy rate [28.6% (10/35)], embryo implantation rate [13.6% (8/59)] and live birth rate [20.0% (7/35)] in dyslipidemia group were significantly lower than those in the normal blood lipids group (P<0.05). The clinical pregnancy rate was lower than that of the normal blood lipids group (P>0.05). (3) The results of stratified analysis showed that the level of HDL in the clinically non-pregnant group was significantly lower than that in the pregnant group in patients ≤ 35 years old [(1.5±0.3) vs (1.8±0.5) mmol/L; P<0.05]. In the overweight recipient patients, the level of HDL of the clinically non-pregnant group was lower than that of the pregnant group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Dyslipidemia significantly reduces the biochemical pregnancy rate, embryo implantation rate and live birth rate in patients with receiving donor eggs. Especially in patients aged ≤35 years old, the reduction of HDL is closely related to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Physicochemical, Nutritional and Biochemical Impact of Cow dung on heavy metal Polluted Quarry Mining Site. A Case Study of Ishiagu Mining Site

The present study evaluated physicochemical, nutritional and biochemical impact of cow dung on heavy metal polluted quarry mining site using standard analytical methods. Physicochemical results shows an increase in soil pH, temperature and other physicochemical parameters in the mining site relative to control (P≤0.05). Nutritional studies shows increase in vitamin, mineral and phytochemical composition of vegetables treated with cow dung while biochemical assay indicates a reduction in high density lipoprotein as well as liver enzyme concentrations compared to control (P≤0.05). Findings from this study reveals the nontoxic potentials of these vegetables planted in cow dung amended soils. This also indicates these vegetables when grown in cow dung amended soils have reduced phytoaccumulation potentials to heavy metals. This however may be due to nutrient availability and hence we recommend that cow dung may be a remediating, non-phytotoxic agent in heavy metal polluted sites.

Combined Intranasal Insulin/Saxagliptin/Metformin Therapies Ameliorate the Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive- (COC-) Induced Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) with a Major Target on Glucose Metabolism in Adult Female Wistar Rats.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the chronic use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs: ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) on the indices of metabolic syndrome in adult female Wistar rats and possible therapeutic management. Materials and Methods 64 female Wistar rats received either distilled water, norethindrone (NOR), COC, intranasal insulin (INI), metformin (MET), saxagliptin (SAX), INI+MET, and INI+SAX. After 8 weeks of exposure to COC, the animals were sorted into the therapeutic groups. Several parameters were assayed for, such as body weight changes, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, insulin levels, inflammatory cytokines, and glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac). Results The levels of FBG, insulin, and Hb1Ac were increased consequent upon COC treatment. Treatment with INI+SAX and INI+MET reduced significantly the levels of FBG and Hb1Ac; in addition, the level of insulin was significantly increased in the INI+MET groups (p ≤ 0.05). Serum lipid profile analysis showed a statistical reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level; this reduction was also significantly reversed in the INI+SAX group. Reduced catalase activity observed in the COC group was reversed in the INI+MET group (p ≤ 0.05). A nonsignificant increase in the level of TNF-α as a result of COC treatment was reversed by INI and INI+MET treatment. Liver GLUT4 and G-6-phosphate levels were significantly increased by COC treatment, and this effect was reversed by INI+SAX in both assays, respectively (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions The use of MET and SAX in combination with INI has been shown to reverse some indices of MetS. This study proposes a clinical phase to backup and ascertain these preclinical findings.

Impact of religious fasting on metabolic and hematological profile in both dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic fasters.

Religious fasting (RF) is practiced annually by millions of Christian and Muslim followers worldwide. Scarce data exist on the impact of RF on the metabolic and hematological profile of individuals with or without dyslipidemia. The present study included: (i) 60 Greek Orthodox participants, 30 with dyslipidemia and 30 without dyslipidemia, who abstained from meat, fish and dairy products for seven consecutive weeks, and (ii) 15 young, non-dyslipidemic Muslim participants abstaining totally from food and liquid from dawn till sunset during 30 days. Biochemical (iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, calcium, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride and fasting glucose) and hematological (hemoglobin, hematocrit) serum blood test results of study participants were measured pre- and post- RF (at weeks 0 and 7 for Orthodox participants and at weeks 0 and 4 for Muslim participants). In dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic Orthodox participants, a significant reduction of fasting glucose, HDL, LDL and TC levels was found post-RF. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron and ferritin levels were significantly increased, while post-RF vitamin B12 and calcium levels were substantially decreased. Subanalysis between dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic Orthodox participants revealed a greater decrease of cholesterol levels in the former. In Muslim participants, triglyceride, LDL and total cholesterol levels were increased post-RF (all p values < 0.05). Our study adds to the existing literature evidence about the significant impact of RF on metabolic and hematological profiles of Orthodox and Muslim followers. The prevention of calcium and B12 deficiency during Orthodox RF by supplement consumption as well as the protection from dehydration and dysregulation of lipid metabolism during Ramadan RF should concern both clinicians and dietician nutritionists. Nevertheless, studies with larger sample size and/or long-term follow-up are warranted before reaching definite conclusions about the effects of RF on human health.

The determinants of lipid profiles in early adolescence in a Ugandan birth cohort

Dyslipidaemia in adolescence tracks into adulthood and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the effects of environmental exposures and early-life exposure to infectious diseases common to tropical regions on lipids. In 1119 early adolescent participants in the Entebbe Mother and Baby Study, we used linear regression to examine whether prenatal, childhood or adolescent factors are associated with lipid levels. Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and elevated triglyceride levels were common (prevalence 31% and 14%, respectively), but elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or total cholesterol (TC) were rare. Current malaria infection was associated with lower mean LDL (adjusted ß − 0.51; 95% CI − 0.81, − 0.21), HDL (adjusted ß − 0.40; 95% CI − 0.56, − 0.23), and TC levels (adjusted ß − 0.62; 95% CI − 0.97, − 0.27), but higher mean triglyceride levels (geometric mean ratio (GMR) 1.47; 95% CI 1.18–1.84). Early-life asymptomatic malaria was associated with modest reductions in HDL and TC. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with LDL, TC, and triglycerides. No associations with helminth infection were found. Our findings suggest that early-life factors have only marginal effects on the lipid profile. Current malaria infection and BMI are strongly associated with lipids and important to consider when trying to improve the lipid profile.

Integrative Modeling of Plasma Metabolic and Lipoprotein Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spanish and Australian COVID-19 Patient Cohorts.

Quantitative plasma lipoprotein and metabolite profiles were measured on an autonomous community of the Basque Country (Spain) cohort consisting of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 72) and a matched control group (n = 75) and a Western Australian (WA) cohort consisting of (n = 17) SARS-CoV-2 positives and (n = 20) healthy controls using 600 MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spanish samples were measured in two laboratories using one-dimensional (1D) solvent-suppressed and T2-filtered methods with in vitro diagnostic quantification of lipoproteins and metabolites. SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and healthy controls from both populations were modeled and cross-projected to estimate the biological similarities and validate biomarkers. Using the top 15 most discriminatory variables enabled construction of a cross-predictive model with 100% sensitivity and specificity (within populations) and 100% sensitivity and 82% specificity (between populations). Minor differences were observed between the control metabolic variables in the two cohorts, but the lipoproteins were virtually indistinguishable. We observed highly significant infection-related reductions in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfraction 4 phospholipids, apolipoproteins A1 and A2,that have previously been associated with negative regulation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. The Spanish and Australian diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers were mathematically and biologically equivalent, demonstrating that NMR-based technologies are suitable for the study of the comparative pathology of COVID-19 via plasma phenotyping.

Protective role of protocatechuic acid in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress via modulation of proinflammatory cytokines levels in brain and liver of Wistar rats.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. This study seeks to investigate its underlying mechanism of action in the liver and brain toxicity induced by CCl4 in male albino rats. Rats were given PCA at 10 and 20mg/kg daily and orally as a pretreatment for seven days. A single injection of CCl4 was given 2h later to induce brain and liver toxicity. CCl4 moderately elevated the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). PCA lowered AST level significantly when compared to control. Total protein and albumin levels presented insignificant changes (p>0.05) in all groups while lipid profile showed increased total cholesterol level and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by CCl4. PCA (10mg/kg) significantly reduced the cholesterol level while the 20mg/kg dose moderately prevented HDL reduction. There was an increased MDA production with a corresponding low GSH level in the group treated with CCl4. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase in both organs also declined. PCA, especially at 10mg/kg attenuated lipid peroxidation by increasing GSH level in the organs. Biochemical assays revealed the improvement of antioxidant enzyme activities by PCA in these organs. Furthermore, PCA lowered the level of proinflammatory cytokine COX 2 in the brain and liver while NF-kB expression was inhibited in the brain. Histopathology reports validated the effects of PCA. PCA exhibited protection against toxicity in these tissues through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the potential mechanism might be through modulation of the NF-κB/COX-2 pathway.

Chemoprotective effects of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on lead acetate–mediated oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats

Chemoprotective effects of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on lead acetate–mediated oxidation stress and dyslipidemia were investigated in Wistar rats. Seventy-five acclimatized rats were fed standard feed and distilled water ad libitum. The Wistar rats weighing 160 to 170 g were randomly divided into five groups of fifteen rats each. Group I served as control. Group II received oral administration of 75 mg/kg of lead acetate. Group III animals received oral administration of 75 mg/kg of lead acetate and 1 ml in 200 g Allium cepa juice. Group IV rats received oral administration of 1 ml/ 200 g of Allium cepa juice. Group V rats received 75 mg/kg of lead acetate and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) as standard antioxidant via oral gavage based on the weight of each rat at a dose of 10 mg/100 g BW of rat. The feeding procedure was repeated with Allium sativum juice. The feeding process lasted for 4 weeks. Animals were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture and labeled appropriately. Exposure to lead acetate resulted to a significant (p = 0.034) elevation in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol, very low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde (MDA) but also caused a significant reduction in high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. Allium cepa/Allium sativum treatment of the lead acetate–exposed rats exhibited a significant (p = 0.025) increase in high-density lipoprotein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels and showed a significant (p = 0.042) decrease in total cholesterol and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. There was no significant (p = 0.006) difference when the results of the effects of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on lead acetate–exposed rats were compared to the effects of vitamin E (standard antioxidant). In conclusion, Allium cepa and Allium sativum mitigated oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in lead acetate–exposed Wistar rats, and thus, suggests protective effects on cardiovascular diseases.